1. 因果
衔接词：
原因：because, since, as , for , thanks to, due to, owing to, out of, in that, now that, in view of, seeing that, considering (that), given (that), on account of, in light of, out of
结果：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, that’s why, it follows that, result in, lead to, give rise to, thereby, that’s why
例句分析：
<1> However, many customers are frustrated because they feel they are being asked for too high of a tip too often.
<2> Tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services as a result of the advancement of technology.
<3> That is why the Reform think tank is launching a new programme of work entitled “Reimagining health”, supported by ten former health ministers.
<4> That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services.
<5> As demand for health care continues to grow, pressures on the workforce — which is already near breaking point — will only become more acute.
2. 并列/递进
衔接词：and, also, too, as well, as well as, both…and…, not only…but (also), and then, besides, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, on top of that, equally, similarly
例句分析：
<1> Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing.
<2> And capacity in social care needs to be greater, to support the growing number of people living with long-term conditions.
<3> What health functions should remain at the centre, and what should be given to local leaders, often responsible for services that create health, and with a much better understanding of the needs of their populations?
3. 转折
衔接词：but, however, yet, whereas, while, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, by contrast, in contrast, conversely, instead, rather, rather than
例句分析：
<1> Formerly it lasted three days, but by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.
<2> We need to be much better at reducing and diverting demand on health services, rather than simply managing it.
<3> However, many customers are frustrated because they feel they are being asked for too high of a tip too often.
<4> Much more important are the places we live, work and socialise – yet there is no clear cross-government strategy for improving these social determinants of health.
4. 让步
衔接词：although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas, in spite of, regardless of, whatever/whichever/whoever/whenever/wherever, adj/adv + as/though + 主语 + 谓语（倒装让步：Tired as he was…）,
例句分析：
<1> Yet despite two decades of strategies and number of major health reforms, we have failed to make meaningful progress on any of these aims.
<2> But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely
clear-cut.
5. 条件/假设
衔接词：if, unless, provided (that), providing (that), as/so long as, on (the) condition that
例句分析：
<1> Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they
go about doing it the right way.
<2> If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good
time.
6. 时间
衔接词：when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, once, as soon as, meanwhile, eventually, ultimately, at first, initially, to begin with, by the time
例句分析：
<1> When people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin.
<2> During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford.
<3> Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.
<4> By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly,Peele, andGreene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary.
7. 目的
衔接词：to / in order to / so as to + do, so that, in order that, with the aim of, with the intention of, for the purpose of
例句分析：
<1> In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.
<2> You should make full use of this opportunity so that you can get rich experience.
8. 比较/对照
衔接词：more/less/fewer…than, rather than, as…as…, not so/as…as…, compared with/to, in comparison (with), prefer A to B
例句分析：
<1> Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.
<2> Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year― more than twice as much as a digital― only subscription.
9. 解释/举例
衔接词：for example, for instance, such as, like, e.g., including, to illustrate, take…for example, as illustrated by, namely, in other words
例句分析：
<1> Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England.
<2> Airbone technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.
<3> That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.
10. 强调
衔接词：indeed, in fact, actually, of course, certainly, clearly, obviously, undoubtedly, unquestionably, above all, most importantly, notably, particularly, especially, significantly
例句分析：
<1> Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.
<2> Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be.
11. 概括 / 总结
衔接词：in short, in brief, briefly, in a word, to sum up, in sum, in summary, overall, on the whole, generally speaking, in general, to conclude, in conclusion, all in all, ultimately
例句分析：
<1> In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.
<2> To sum up, if reading and knowledge miss our attention in any possible way, we will suffer a great loss beyond imagination.
翻译技巧
eg. If customers are not willing to share data, Al will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning [to improve its marketing content and communication.]
- 整体看句子结构：前半句是由if引导的条件状语从句，后半句为主句
- 条件状语从句：如果顾客不愿意分享数据
- 主句：AI作为主语，两个will并列作为谓语，function和employ并列，跟着be able to，to improve its marketing content andcommunication 作为目的状语
- 整体翻译：如果顾客不愿意分享数据，AI将会缺少必要数据，并且不能有效工作，也不能利用机器学习来提升其营销内容和交流。
- starve 挨饿，这里翻译为缺少
总结
- 首先抓住整体，分析句子结构，确定主谓宾主要成分，注意状语从句的提示词，翻译时先翻译主句，再翻译从句
- 注意主句与从句之间的关系，比如原因，时间，让步等，主要由句意分析，其次根据衔接词
- 对于一词多义的词语根据语境确定其合适的翻译
- 注意特殊结构，比如强调句，倒装句等，根据其结构进行翻译